Millikan ne ya ƙirƙiro na'urar auna bugun yatsa a shekarun 1940 don sa ido kan yawan iskar oxygen a cikin jinin jijiyoyin jini, wani muhimmin alama na tsananin COVID-19.Yonker yanzu ya bayyana yadda na'urar auna bugun yatsa ke aiki?
Halayen shaye-shaye na ƙwayoyin halitta: Lokacin da aka haskaka haske zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta, tasirin ƙwayoyin halitta akan haske za a iya raba shi zuwa rukuni huɗu, waɗanda suka haɗa da shaye-shaye, warwatsewa, tunani da haske. Idan aka cire warwatsewa, nisan da haske ke tafiya ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta galibi yana ƙarƙashin shaye-shaye. Lokacin da haske ya ratsa wasu abubuwa masu haske (mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko iskar gas), ƙarfin haske yana raguwa sosai saboda shaye-shayen wasu takamaiman abubuwan mitar da aka nufa, wanda shine abin da ke haifar da shaye-shaye na haske ta hanyar abubuwa. Yawan hasken da abu ke sha ana kiransa da yawan gani, wanda kuma aka sani da shaye-shaye.
Tsarin zane na shan haske ta hanyar abu a cikin dukkan tsarin yaɗuwar haske, adadin kuzarin haske da abu ke sha yana daidai da abubuwa uku, waɗanda su ne ƙarfin haske, nisan hanyar haske da adadin ƙwayoyin da ke sha haske a kan hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haske. Dangane da abin da ya yi kama da juna, lambar hanyar haske ana iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin da ke sha haske a kan hanyar haɗin gwiwa azaman ƙwayoyin da ke sha haske a kowace girman naúrar, wato yawan ƙwayoyin da ke sha haske, ana iya samun dokar giyar lambert: ana iya fassara shi azaman yawan abu da tsawon hanyar gani a kowace girman naúrar yawan gani, ikon tsotsar abu don amsawa ga yanayin hasken tsotsar abu. A wata ma'anar, siffar lanƙwasa bakan sha na abu ɗaya iri ɗaya ne, kuma cikakken matsayin kololuwar sha zai canza ne kawai saboda yawan abu daban-daban, amma matsayin dangi zai kasance ba canzawa. A cikin tsarin sha, sha na abubuwa duk suna faruwa ne a cikin girman na sashe ɗaya, kuma abubuwan da ke sha ba su da alaƙa da juna, kuma babu mahaɗan haske, kuma babu wani abin mamaki na canza halayen matsakaici saboda hasken haske. Saboda haka, ga maganin da ke ɗauke da sinadaran sha N, yawan gani shine ƙari. Ƙarin yawan gani yana ba da tushen nazari don auna ma'aunin abubuwan sha a cikin gaurayawa.
A cikin na'urorin gani na ƙwayoyin halitta, yankin spectral na 600 ~ 1300nm yawanci ana kiransa "tagar nazarin halittu", kuma hasken da ke cikin wannan band yana da mahimmanci na musamman ga yawancin maganin spectral da aka sani da waɗanda ba a sani ba da kuma ganewar spectral. A yankin infrared, ruwa ya zama babban abu mai ɗaukar haske a cikin kyallen halitta, don haka tsawon da tsarin ya ɗauka dole ne ya guji kololuwar sha na ruwa don samun ingantaccen bayanin sha na haske na abin da aka nufa. Saboda haka, a cikin kewayon kusan-infrared bakan na 600-950nm, manyan abubuwan da ke cikin kyallen ɗan adam mai ƙarfin sha na haske sun haɗa da ruwa a cikin jini, O2Hb (oxygenated hemoglobin), RHb (rage haemoglobin) da melanin fata na gefe da sauran kyallen takarda.
Saboda haka, za mu iya samun ingantaccen bayani game da yawan sinadarin da za a auna a cikin kyallen ta hanyar nazarin bayanan siginar fitar da iskar oxygen. Don haka idan muka sami yawan sinadarin O2Hb da RHb, za mu san yawan iskar oxygen.Jikewar iskar oxygen SpO2shine kashi na yawan sinadarin haemoglobin mai dauke da iskar oxygen (HbO2) a cikin jini a matsayin kashi na jimillar sinadarin haemoglobin mai hadewa (Hb), yawan sinadarin iskar oxygen a cikin jini, don haka me yasa ake kiransa da pulse oximeter? Ga wani sabon ra'ayi: yawan kwararar jini bugun bugun zuciya. A kowane zagayen zuciya, matsewar zuciya yana sa hawan jini ya tashi a cikin jijiyoyin jini na tushen aorta, wanda ke fadada bangon jijiyoyin jini. Akasin haka, diastole na zuciya yana sa hawan jini ya fadi a cikin jijiyoyin jini na tushen aorta, wanda ke sa bangon jijiyoyin jini ya matse. Tare da ci gaba da maimaita zagayowar zuciya, canjin matsin lamba na jini a cikin jijiyoyin jini na tushen aorta zai yadu zuwa tasoshin da ke ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da shi har ma zuwa ga dukkan tsarin jijiyoyin jini, don haka yana samar da ci gaba da faɗaɗawa da matsewar dukkan bangon jijiyoyin jini. Wato, bugun zuciya na lokaci-lokaci yana haifar da raƙuman bugun jini a cikin aorta wanda ke motsawa gaba tare da bangon jijiyoyin jini a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Duk lokacin da zuciya ta faɗaɗa kuma ta matse, canjin matsin lamba a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini yana haifar da matsewar bugun jini na lokaci-lokaci. Wannan shine abin da muke kira bugun zuciya. Raƙuman bugun zuciya na iya nuna bayanai da yawa na ilimin halittar jiki kamar zuciya, hawan jini da kwararar jini, wanda zai iya samar da muhimman bayanai don gano takamaiman sigogin jiki na jikin ɗan adam ba tare da cutarwa ba.
A magani, yawan bugun zuciya yawanci ana raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu na bugun jini na matsin lamba da kuma bugun jini na girma. Ruwan bugun jini na matsin lamba galibi yana wakiltar watsawar jini, yayin da ruwan bugun jini na girma yana wakiltar canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin kwararar jini. Idan aka kwatanta da ruwan bugun jini na matsin lamba, ruwan bugun jini na girma yana ɗauke da mahimman bayanai game da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kamar jijiyoyin jini na ɗan adam da kwararar jini. Ganowar yawan kwararar jini ba tare da shiga ba za a iya cimma ta hanyar bin diddigin kwararar jini na hoto. Ana amfani da takamaiman hasken haske don haskaka ɓangaren aunawa na jiki, kuma hasken yana isa ga firikwensin photoelectric bayan tunani ko watsawa. Hasken da aka karɓa zai ɗauki ingantaccen bayanin halayen raƙuman bugun jini na girma. Saboda girman jini yana canzawa lokaci-lokaci tare da faɗaɗawa da matsewar zuciya, lokacin da zuciya ta diastole, girman jini shine mafi ƙanƙanta, shan haske na jini, firikwensin ya gano matsakaicin ƙarfin haske; Lokacin da zuciya ta yi ƙunci, girman shine mafi girma kuma ƙarfin hasken da firikwensin ya gano shine mafi ƙanƙanta. A cikin gano yatsan hannu marasa shiga tare da girman kwararar jini raƙuman bugun jini azaman bayanan auna kai tsaye, zaɓin wurin auna spectral yakamata ya bi ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:
1. Ya kamata jijiyoyin jini su kasance masu yawa, kuma ya kamata a inganta yawan bayanai masu tasiri kamar haemoglobin da ICG a cikin jimlar bayanai na kayan aiki a cikin bakan.
2. Yana da siffofi bayyanannu na canjin yawan kwararar jini don tattara siginar bugun jini yadda ya kamata
3. Domin samun yanayin ɗan adam mai kyau da kuma kwanciyar hankali, bambancin mutum ba ya shafar halayen nama sosai.
4. Yana da sauƙin gudanar da gano yanayin gani, kuma mai haƙuri yana da sauƙin karɓa, don guje wa abubuwan da ke haifar da tsangwama kamar saurin bugun zuciya da kuma motsin wurin aunawa wanda motsin damuwa ke haifarwa.
Zane-zanen tsarin rarraba jijiyoyin jini a tafin hannun ɗan adam Matsayin hannu da kyar yake iya gano motsin bugun jini, don haka bai dace da gano motsin bugun jini ba; wuyan hannu yana kusa da jijiyar radial, siginar bugun jini mai ƙarfi tana da ƙarfi, fata tana da sauƙin samar da girgiza ta injiniya, tana iya haifar da siginar ganowa ban da sautin bugun jini na ƙara kuma tana ɗauke da bayanin bugun fata na fata, yana da wuya a kwatanta halayen canjin girman jini daidai, bai dace da matsayin aunawa ba; Kodayake tafin hannu yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka saba ɗaukar jini a asibiti, ƙashinsa ya fi kauri fiye da yatsa, kuma girman sautin bugun jini na tafin hannu da aka tattara ta hanyar haskakawa ya yi ƙasa. Hoto na 2-5 yana nuna rarraba jijiyoyin jini a tafin hannu. Ganin yadda aka lura da hoton, za a iya ganin cewa akwai hanyoyin sadarwa na capillary da yawa a gaban yatsan, wanda zai iya nuna yawan haemoglobin a jikin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, wannan matsayi yana da halaye bayyanannu na canjin girman kwararar jini, kuma shine matsayin aunawa mafi kyau na sautin bugun jini. Nau'ikan tsokoki da ƙashi na yatsu suna da sirara kaɗan, don haka tasirin bayanan tsangwama na baya yana da ƙanƙanta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarshen yatsa yana da sauƙin aunawa, kuma mutumin ba shi da wani nauyi na tunani, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samun daidaitaccen siginar sigina mai ƙarfi-zuwa-hayaniya. Yatsar ɗan adam ta ƙunshi ƙashi, ƙusa, fata, nama, jinin jijiya da jinin jijiya. A cikin tsarin hulɗa da haske, ƙarar jini a cikin jijiyoyin gefe na yatsa yana canzawa tare da bugun zuciya, wanda ke haifar da canjin ma'aunin hanyar gani. Yayin da sauran sassan suke dawwama a cikin dukkan tsarin haske.
Idan aka shafa wani tsawon haske na musamman a kan fatar yatsa, ana iya ɗaukar yatsan a matsayin cakuda, wanda ya haɗa da sassa biyu: ma'aunin da ba ya canzawa (hanyar gani tana dawwama) da kuma ma'aunin motsi (hanyar gani tana canzawa tare da ƙarar kayan). Lokacin da kyallen yatsa ya sha hasken, na'urar gano haske za ta karɓi hasken da aka watsa. Ƙarfin hasken da aka watsa da na'urar firikwensin ta tattara a bayyane yake yana raguwa saboda iya sha nama daban-daban na yatsun ɗan adam. Dangane da wannan halayyar, an kafa irin wannan samfurin sha na hasken yatsa.
Mutumin da ya dace:
Mita bugun yatsaya dace da mutane na kowane zamani, ciki har da yara, manya, tsofaffi, marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan zuciya, hauhawar jini, hauhawar jini, bugun jini na kwakwalwa da sauran cututtukan jijiyoyin jini da kuma marasa lafiya da ke fama da asma, mashako, mashako na yau da kullun, cututtukan zuciya na huhu da sauran cututtukan numfashi.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-17-2022
