Tsarin Duban Duwatsu - Ganin Gaibi da Raƙuman Sauti

Fasahar zamani ta duban dan tayi ta canza hoton likitanci daga hotunan jikin mutum mai tsauri zuwa kimantawa masu aiki masu ƙarfi, duk ba tare da hasken ionizing ba. Wannan labarin ya bincika kimiyyar lissafi, aikace-aikacen asibiti, da sabbin abubuwa na zamani a cikin duban dan tayi.

Ka'idojin Jiki
Duban dan tayi na likitanci yana aiki a mitoci 2-18MHz. Tasirin piezoelectric yana canza kuzarin lantarki zuwa girgizar injiniya a cikin na'urar transducer. Rangwamen riba na lokaci (TGC) yana daidaitawa don ragewa mai dogaro da zurfin (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Ragewar axial ya dogara da tsawon tsayi (λ = c/f), yayin da ƙudurin gefe yana da alaƙa da faɗin katako.

Jadawalin Juyin Halitta

• 1942: Aikin likita na farko na Karl Dussik (hoton kwakwalwa)
• 1958: Ian Donald ya ƙirƙiro na'urar duban dan tayi ta mahaifa
• 1976: Masu sauya na'urar daukar hoto ta analog suna kunna hoton sikelin launin toka
• 1983: An gabatar da Color Doppler wanda Namekawa da Kasai suka gabatar
• 2012: FDA ta amince da na'urori masu girman aljihu na farko

Hanyoyin Asibiti

1. Yanayin B
   Hoton launin toka na asali tare da ƙudurin sarari har zuwa 0.1mm
2. Dabaru na Doppler

• Doppler mai launi: Taswirar saurin gudu (Iyakar Nyquist 0.5-2m/s)
• Power Doppler: Sau 3-5 yana da sauƙin amsawa ga jinkirin kwararar ruwa
• Spectral Doppler: Yana ƙididdige tsananin stenosis (rabobin PSV sama da 2 yana nuna sama da kashi 50% na carotid stenosis)

3. Dabaru Masu Ci Gaba

• Elastography (Turin hanta fiye da 7.1kPa yana nuna F2 fibrosis)
• Ultrasound mai haɓaka bambanci (SonoVue microkubbles)
• Hoton 3D/4D (Voluson E10 ya cimma ƙudurin voxel na 0.3mm)

Aikace-aikace Masu Fitowa

• Mai da hankali kan duban dan tayi (FUS)
  • Rushewar zafi (kashi 85% na rayuwa a cikin girgizar ƙasa mai mahimmanci shekaru 3)
  • An buɗe shingen jini da kwakwalwa don maganin cutar Alzheimer
• Kula da Duban Dankali (POCUS)
  • Gwaji Mai Sauri (kashi 98% na ji na hemoperitoneum)
  • Layukan duban dan tayi na huhu (B-lines) (93% daidai ga kumburin huhu)

Manyan Hannu na Ƙirƙira-ƙirƙira

1. Fasaha ta CMUT
   Masu amfani da na'urorin ultrasonic masu ƙarfin micromachines suna ba da damar yin amfani da bandwidth mai faɗi sosai (3-18MHz) tare da bandwidth mai kauri 40%.
2. Haɗin gwiwar AI

• Samsung S-Shearwave yana ba da ma'aunin elastography mai jagora ta hanyar AI.
• Lissafin EF ta atomatik yana nuna alaƙar 0.92 da MRI na zuciya

3. Juyin Juya Halin Hannun
   Butterfly iQ+ yana amfani da abubuwan MEMS 9000 a cikin ƙirar guntu ɗaya, wanda nauyinsa ya kai gram 205 kawai.
4. Aikace-aikacen warkewa
   Histotripsy yana kawar da ciwace-ciwacen ba tare da yin amfani da maganin sauti ba (gwaji na asibiti don ciwon hanta).

Kalubalen Fasaha

• Gyaran rashin daidaituwar lokaci a cikin marasa lafiya masu kiba
• Zurfin shigar ciki mai iyaka (15cm a 3MHz)
• Algorithms na rage hayaniyar speckle
• Matsalolin ƙa'idoji don tsarin bincike na tushen AI

Ana sake fasalin kasuwar duban dan tayi ta duniya ($8.5B a shekarar 2023) ta hanyar tsarin da ake iya ɗauka, wanda yanzu ya kai kashi 35% na tallace-tallace. Tare da fasahohin zamani kamar daukar hoto mai ƙuduri (na gani da ido na tasoshin 50μm) da dabarun yin amfani da jijiyoyi, duban dan tayi yana ci gaba da sake fasalta iyakokin binciken da ba sa haifar da illa ga lafiya.