A matsayin kayan aiki mafi yawa a aikin asibiti, na'urar sa ido kan marasa lafiya da yawa nau'in siginar halitta ce ta halitta don gano yanayin jiki da na cututtuka na marasa lafiya na dogon lokaci, da kuma ta hanyar bincike da sarrafawa na lokaci-lokaci da atomatik, sauyawa cikin lokaci zuwa bayanan gani, ƙararrawa ta atomatik da rikodin atomatik na abubuwan da ke iya barazana ga rayuwa. Baya ga aunawa da sa ido kan sigogin ilimin halittar marasa lafiya, tana iya kuma sa ido da magance yanayin marasa lafiya kafin da kuma bayan magani da tiyata, gano canje-canje a cikin yanayin marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya a kan lokaci, da kuma samar da tushe na asali ga likitoci don gano da tsara tsare-tsaren likita daidai, don haka rage mace-macen marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya sosai.
Tare da ci gaban fasaha, abubuwan sa ido na na'urorin sa ido na marasa lafiya masu sigogi da yawa sun faɗaɗa daga tsarin zagayawa zuwa tsarin numfashi, juyayi, metabolism da sauran tsarin.An kuma faɗaɗa wannan tsarin daga tsarin ECG da aka saba amfani da shi (ECG), tsarin numfashi (RESP), tsarin cika iskar oxygen a jini (SpO2), tsarin hawan jini mara guba (NIBP) zuwa tsarin zafin jiki (TEMP), tsarin hawan jini mai guba (IBP), tsarin ƙaura na zuciya (CO), tsarin ƙaura na zuciya mara guba (ICG), da kuma tsarin carbon dioxide na ƙarshen numfashi (EtCO2)), tsarin sa ido na electroencephalogram (EEG), tsarin sa ido na gas na anesthesia (AG), tsarin sa ido na gas mai canzawa, tsarin sa ido na zurfin anesthesia (BIS), tsarin sa ido na shakatawa na tsoka (NMT), tsarin sa ido na hemodynamics (PiCCO), tsarin makanikan numfashi.
Na gaba, za a raba shi zuwa sassa da dama domin gabatar da tushen ilimin halittar jiki, ƙa'ida, ci gaba da amfani da kowane sashe.Bari mu fara da na'urar electrocardiogram (ECG).
1: Tsarin samar da electrocardiogram
Kwayoyin halittar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da aka rarraba a cikin mahadar sinus, mahaɗar atrioventricular, hanyar atrioventricular da rassanta suna samar da aikin lantarki yayin motsawa da kuma samar da filayen lantarki a cikin jiki. Sanya na'urar bincike ta ƙarfe a cikin wannan filin lantarki (ko'ina a cikin jiki) na iya rikodin ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Filin lantarki yana canzawa akai-akai yayin da lokacin motsi ke canzawa.
Saboda bambancin halayen lantarki na kyallen takarda da sassa daban-daban na jiki, na'urorin bincike a sassa daban-daban suna rubuta canje-canje daban-daban na yuwuwar canje-canje a kowace zagayowar zuciya. Waɗannan ƙananan canje-canje masu yuwuwar ana ƙara su kuma ana rubuta su ta hanyar electrocardiograph, kuma tsarin da ya biyo baya ana kiransa electrocardiogram (ECG). Ana yin rikodin electrocardiogram na gargajiya daga saman jiki, wanda ake kira surface electrocardiogram.
2: Tarihin fasahar electrocardiogram
A shekara ta 1887, Waller, farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Asibitin Mary na Royal Society of England, ya yi nasarar rubuta lamarin farko na electrocardiogram na ɗan adam da na'urar auna bugun zuciya ta capillary, kodayake raƙuman V1 da V2 na ventricle ne kawai aka rubuta a cikin hoton, kuma ba a yi rikodin raƙuman atrial P ba. Amma babban aikin Waller mai albarka ya zaburar da Willem Einthoven, wanda ke cikin masu sauraro, kuma ya shimfida harsashin gabatar da fasahar electrocardiogram daga ƙarshe.
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Tsawon shekaru 13 da suka biyo baya, Einthoven ya sadaukar da kansa gaba ɗaya ga nazarin electrocardiograms da aka rubuta ta hanyar na'urorin auna bugun jini na capillary electrometers. Ya inganta wasu manyan dabaru, ya yi nasarar amfani da na'urar auna bugun zuciya ta string galvanometer, an rubuta electrocardiogram ɗin saman jiki a kan fim ɗin photosensitive, ya rubuta electrocardiogram ɗin ya nuna atrial P wave, ventricular depolarization B, C da repolarization D wave. A shekara ta 1903, an fara amfani da electrocardiograms a asibiti. A shekara ta 1906, Einthoven ya rubuta electrocardiograms na atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter da ventricular premature beat a jere. A shekara ta 1924, an ba Einthoven kyautar Nobel a fannin likitanci saboda ƙirƙirar rikodin electrocardiogram ɗinsa.
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3: Ci gaba da ƙa'idar tsarin gubar
A shekarar 1906, Einthoven ya gabatar da manufar gubar gaɓɓai masu bipolar. Bayan ya haɗa na'urorin lantarki a hannun dama, hannun hagu da ƙafar hagu na marasa lafiya a cikin nau'i biyu, ya iya yin rikodin electrocardiogram na gubar gaɓɓai masu bipolar (jagora ta I, jagora ta II da jagora ta III) tare da babban girma da tsari mai karko. A shekarar 1913, an gabatar da electrocardiogram na sarrafa gaɓɓai masu bipolar a hukumance, kuma an yi amfani da shi shi kaɗai tsawon shekaru 20.
A shekarar 1933, Wilson ya kammala gwajin electrocardiogram na jagora mai lamba ɗaya, wanda ya ƙayyade matsayin sifili da tashar wutar lantarki ta tsakiya bisa ga dokar Kirchhoff ta yanzu, kuma ya kafa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai jagora 12 ta Wilson.
Duk da haka, a cikin tsarin Wilson mai jagora 12, girman tsarin waveform na electrocardiogram na leads guda 3 na unipolar VL, VR da VF yana da ƙasa, wanda ba shi da sauƙin aunawa da lura da canje-canje. A cikin 1942, Goldberger ya gudanar da ƙarin bincike, wanda ya haifar da leads masu matsin lamba na unipolar waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau: leads aVL, aVR, da aVF.
A wannan lokacin, an gabatar da tsarin jagora mai lamba 12 don yin rikodin ECG: jagororin gaɓoɓin bipolar guda 3 (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Einthoven, 1913), jagororin nono guda 6 (V1-V6, Wilson, 1933), da jagororin gaɓoɓin matsewa guda 3 (aVL, aVR, aVF, Goldberger, 1942).
4: Yadda ake samun siginar ECG mai kyau
1. Shirya fata. Tunda fata ba ta da kyau wajen sarrafa fata, ya zama dole a yi wa fatar majiyyaci magani yadda ya kamata inda aka sanya na'urorin lantarki domin samun ingantattun siginar lantarki ta ECG. Zaɓi waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi sosai.
Ya kamata a yi wa fatar magani ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin: ① Cire gashin jiki inda aka sanya electrode. A shafa a hankali a inda aka sanya electrode don cire ƙwayoyin fata da suka mutu. ③ A wanke fata sosai da ruwan sabulu (kar a yi amfani da ether da barasa mai tsabta, domin wannan zai ƙara juriyar fata). ④ A bar fata ta bushe gaba ɗaya kafin a sanya electrode. ⑤ A saka maƙallan maɓalli ko maɓalli kafin a sanya electrode a kan majiyyaci.
2. Kula da kula da wayar da ke aiki a zuciya, hana lanƙwasawa da ƙulli a wayar gubar, hana lalata layin kariya na wayar gubar, da kuma tsaftace dattin da ke kan maƙallin gubar ko maƙallin don hana iskar gubar.
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-12-2023
